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Rights · Elections & meetings · 50 states + DC

Board elections, meetings, and recalls, state by state

Board power runs through meetings and elections the statute regulates, and most states also give owners a real recall mechanism. The vote threshold to actually remove a board is the number that matters.

Last reviewed July 10, 2026· Figures are read from HOA Stories’ own 51 authored state rights guides, hand-checked against a sample across every authoring wave; where a state’s guide doesn’t reduce its rule to one clean figure, this page says so rather than guessing.

Owners routinely underestimate how much control they have over their own board, mostly because recall is unfamiliar and feels harder than it is. Most states that regulate HOAs at all also give owners a statutory path to recall directors, with or without cause, once a real majority of the voting interests agrees. The mechanics differ: some states let owners recall by written petition without ever holding a meeting, others require a noticed members' meeting, and the certification timeline the sitting board has to acknowledge (or challenge) a recall varies too.

Underneath recall sits the more everyday layer: open-meeting and notice rules. In states that regulate this, binding decisions (budgets, special assessments, rule changes) generally have to happen in a properly noticed meeting owners can attend, not in a private email thread among directors. That single rule is often the fastest way to challenge a board decision procedurally, regardless of whether you also have a substantive objection to it.

This hub's table reads the recall vote threshold straight off each state's own authored elections guide, in the guide's own words, where it states one in plain terms. Some states use a fixed fraction (a majority of total voting interests is the most common formulation nationally); others frame it differently or leave more of the mechanics to the association's own bylaws. Read the full state guide before starting a recall; the exact petition form and certification deadline matter as much as the vote count.

Elections & meetings, state by state

Source: HOA Stories analysis of our own 51 authored state rights guides. Click a state to read its full guide, with statute citations, a step-by-step process, and state-specific FAQ.

Board recall and removal vote thresholds by state
In this state
AlabamaNot stated in one clean figure — see guideAlabama's Act has detailed, specific rules for the moment members take over board elections from the declarant, notice within 120 days and a 10 percent nomination threshold under Ala. Code § 35-20-9, but it stays silent on recurring annual meetings, quorum, and proxies.
Alaskatwo-thirds of those present at a quorum meeting can remove a director with or without cause — whatever the bylaws sayAlaska requires an annual meeting, lets 20 percent of the votes force a special one with 10 to 60 days' agenda-stating notice, sets quorum at 20 percent, and gives owners two blunt checks: a majority of all owners can reject any budget, and two-thirds of those present at a quorum meeting can remove a director with or without cause — whatever the bylaws say.
ArizonaNot stated in one clean figure — see guideArizona's open-meeting law is unusually strong: it requires real notice, lets you record what happens, and states outright that ambiguity gets resolved in favor of openness, under §§ 33-1804 (HOA) and 33-1248 (condo). Here's how meeting and board-control rights actually work.
ArkansasNot stated in one clean figure — see guideArkansas's governance floor is short: condo bylaws must be recorded and must fix how meetings are called, a 51% majority to adopt decisions, and a minute book (Ark. Code § 18-13-108) — and two-thirds of the property's value can replace the administration itself (§ 18-13-109). Everything else lives in your documents and, for incorporated HOAs, the Nonprofit Corporation Act.
CaliforniaNot stated in one clean figure — see guideCalifornia requires secret-ballot elections run by an independent inspector, open board meetings, and gives members the power to recall directors. Here's how to use each.
ColoradoNot stated in one clean figure — see guideColorado owners get open meetings, statutory quorum and voting rules, and a defined executive board structure under C.R.S. §§ 38-33.3-308 to -310.5. Here's how board power is checked.
ConnecticutNot stated in one clean figure — see guideConnecticut regulates your association's meetings and votes in detail: mandatory open board meetings, a hard cap on undirected proxies, and a real right to remove a board member mid-term. Here's how the numbers actually work.
DelawareNot stated in one clean figure — see guideDUCIOA requires an annual owners' meeting, quarterly board meetings that are open once the developer lets go, and real notice before either happens. Older Unit Property Act condos get a bare proportional vote and nothing else on paper.
District of ColumbiaNot stated in one clean figure — see guideDC condo boards operate under sunshine rules: meetings open to every owner in good standing, 21-day notice of regular meetings, a mandatory owner-comment period, and executive sessions confined to listed topics by recorded vote (D.C. Code § 42-1903.03). Proxies are strictly regulated, and declarant control of a new building ends on a statutory clock.
Floridamajority of the total voting interestsFlorida owners can attend and speak at meetings, demand proper election procedure, and recall a board with a majority of the voting interests. Here's how board power is actually checked.
GeorgiaNot stated in one clean figure — see guideGeorgia's quorum and proxy rules are thinner for HOAs than for condos, but condo owners get something rare: a statutory right to sue and force an election if a developer won't let go of the board. Here's how governance power actually shifts.
HawaiiNot stated in one clean figure — see guideHawaii requires 14 days' written notice with a stated agenda for association meetings, opens board meetings to member participation, and lets members remove directors with or without cause — by board recommendation or a petition of 100 members or 25% of the units, whichever is less. Condo owners can force a special meeting with a 25% petition.
IdahoNot stated in one clean figure — see guideIdaho requires open board meetings, a decade of preserved minutes, and real caps on proxies and board seats, plus hard deadlines for a developer to hand over the board, though that last piece currently only applies to HOAs formed after July 1, 2025.
IllinoisNot stated in one clean figure — see guideIllinois requires HOA board elections at least every 24 months, sets real meeting and quorum rules, and lets a fifth of the membership force a vote on the board's biggest money decisions. Here's how the checks work.
IndianaNot stated in one clean figure — see guideIndiana lets you watch your board work: members may attend any board meeting under Ind. Code § 32-25.5-3-3, proxies must meet statutory formalities under § 32-25.5-3-10, and a failed quorum has defined consequences under § 32-25.5-3-11.
IowaNot stated in one clean figure — see guideIowa's sharpest governance rule is § 499B.15(2): condo board meetings are open to all owners, each needs seven days' notice, and action taken in violation is not valid or enforceable. Owner-meeting mechanics come from the bylaws (§ 499B.15(3)) — and no bylaw change binds anyone unless recorded (§ 499B.14).
KansasNot stated in one clean figure — see guideKansas requires noticed annual meetings, an owner-triggered special meeting right, open board meetings with only narrow reasons to close the room, a 20% default quorum, and a cap on how much of the vote one proxy holder can control. Here's how the mechanics work.
Kentuckytwo-thirds vote of everyone present and entitled to vote at a quorate meeting under KRS § 381Kentucky sets real quorum, notice, and proxy rules for both HOA and condo meetings, in KRS §§ 381.792 and 381.9179, but the two acts diverge sharply on how hard it is to remove a board member. Here's how governance actually works.
LouisianaNot stated in one clean figure — see guideLouisiana doesn't set a statewide annual-meeting, quorum, or proxy rule for condo associations; your bylaws do that. What state law does fix: amending the declaration takes a vote of unit owners holding at least sixty-seven percent of the association's votes (La. R.S. § 9:1122.119), and owners get a one-year window to cancel a developer's self-dealing contracts by majority vote (§ 9:1123.105).
MaineNot stated in one clean figure — see guideMaine sets real notice windows for meetings (33 M.R.S. § 1603-108), default quorum at 20% of votes for owners and 50% for the board (§ 1603-109), and a hard ceiling on how long a proxy can run (§ 1603-110), plus a statutory deadline for when a developer has to hand the board to owners.
MarylandNot stated in one clean figure — see guideCondo owners get one of the more detailed meeting-and-election statutes around under § 11-109 — quorum, proxies, nominations, and a hard clock on developer turnover. HOA lot owners get a real open-meetings law under § 11B-111 and a 60% threshold to amend their own documents under § 11B-116.
MassachusettsNot stated in one clean figure — see guideMassachusetts lets condo boards meet and vote electronically under Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 183A, § 24, but the statute leaves quorum, proxies, and election rules almost entirely to your own bylaws. Here's how governance actually works, and where the real power lives.
MichiganNot stated in one clean figure — see guideMichigan's strongest owner protection isn't in the Condominium Act at all. It's in the Nonprofit Corporation Act, which requires annual meetings, real notice, and lets a member go to court if the board skips its own election.
MinnesotaNot stated in one clean figure — see guideMinnesota requires an annual owner meeting, lets 20 percent of owners force a special one, and puts a hard clock on how long a developer can keep control of the board. Board meetings themselves are presumptively open, too.
MississippiNot stated in one clean figure — see guideMississippi's condo statute leaves quorum, proxy, and meeting-notice rules almost entirely to what your declaration adopts under Miss. Code § 89-9-17(1), except for one hard floor: amending the declaration itself requires a majority-in-interest vote after reasonable notice under § 89-9-17(3).
Missouri20% of either the executive board or the unit owners (or a lower percentage if your bylaws say so)Missouri's nonprofit corporation law sets real default meeting, notice, and quorum rules for most subdivision HOAs, and the Uniform Condominium Act sets a parallel set for newer condos. Here's how board power is checked in each.
MontanaNot stated in one clean figure — see guideMontana lets associations meet by phone or video by default, but leaves quorum, notice, and voting mechanics for a subdivision HOA entirely to its own bylaws. Condo bylaws at least have to address quorum and stagger the board, even though the state doesn't set the numbers itself.
Nebraskatwo-thirds recall right over the boardNebraska condo owners get an annual meeting, a real quorum floor, and dated, hard-to-revoke proxy rules under Neb. Rev. Stat. §§ 76-866 to 76-868, plus a two-thirds recall right over the board. Here's how the numbers actually work.
NevadaNot stated in one clean figure — see guideNevada owners can attend and speak at meetings, demand proper secret-ballot elections, and remove a board member under NRS 116.31036. Here's how board power is actually checked.
New HampshireNot stated in one clean figure — see guideRSA 356-B gives condo owners one of the more detailed meeting-and-voting statutes around — mandatory annual meetings, a 33-percent petition right to force a special meeting, quorum floors, proxy caps, and a real right to remove a director mid-term. Non-condo HOA owners get one narrow protection.
New JerseyNot stated in one clean figure — see guideNew Jersey's Radburn amendments put statutory floors under association elections: open nominations, 14-60 days' written notice, absentee ballots wherever proxies are used, and board meetings that must be open with minutes. Here's how board power gets checked.
New Mexicotwo-thirds of owners at a quorum meetingNew Mexico requires an annual meeting at least every thirteen months, 48-hour public notice of board meetings, a statutory right to attend and speak, neutral ballot counting, a ban on paid proxy harvesting, and — unless your documents say otherwise — removal of a board member by two-thirds of owners at a quorum meeting (NMSA §§ 47-16-17, 47-16-9, 47-16-8.1).
New YorkNot stated in one clean figure — see guideNew York's Condominium Act doesn't set meeting-notice deadlines the way some states do, it requires your own by-laws to spell out elections, quorum, and voting under § 339-v. Here's how to read that fine print and hold your board to it.
North CarolinaNot stated in one clean figure — see guideNorth Carolina requires at least one annual meeting, lets 10% of owners force a special meeting, and guarantees you a chance to speak at board meetings under § 47F-3-108. Board elections and removals are covered in § 47F-3-103.
North DakotaNot stated in one clean figure — see guideNorth Dakota's condo chapter is silent on meetings and elections — governance mechanics come from your bylaws. The statutory floor for incorporated associations is the Nonprofit Corporations Act: 50 members or 10 percent can demand a meeting, notice runs 5 to 50 days, quorum defaults to 10 percent, and directors can be removed with or without cause by the members who elected them.
OhioNot stated in one clean figure — see guideOhio's HOA and condo statutes don't set quorum, proxy, or meeting-notice rules the way some states do — that's your bylaws' job. What the law does guarantee: minutes get kept, and you can get them.
OklahomaNot stated in one clean figure — see guideOklahoma's condo bylaws must address how meetings are called and what counts as a majority, but the state sets no quorum floor, no proxy rules, and no open-meeting requirement, and its owners-association statute says nothing about meetings at all. Your declaration and bylaws are doing almost all of the work.
OregonNot stated in one clean figure — see guideOregon requires at least one annual meeting, sets a default 20 percent quorum, and flatly bars boards from evading its notice rules with 'chance or social meetings.' Owners also get a real recall right — removing a director with or without cause, after giving the director a hearing. Here's how it works.
Pennsylvaniatwo-thirds vote at a meeting with a quorum present (§ 3303(f) / § 5303(f))Pennsylvania sets real meeting-notice rules under 68 Pa.C.S. § 3308, forces a candidate forum before a contested board election, and even requires larger condos to certify election results through an independent reviewer under § 3303. Here's how board power gets checked.
Rhode IslandNot stated in one clean figure — see guideR.I. Gen. Laws § 34-36.1-3.08 requires an annual meeting and lets owners force a special meeting; § 34-36.1-3.09 sets default quorum at 20% of votes for owners and 50% for the board. Older-act condos leave both numbers to their own bylaws.
South CarolinaNot stated in one clean figure — see guideSouth Carolina's only HOA meeting-notice statute covers one narrow event, a budget increase, and even that exempts most incorporated HOAs. Condo owners get real majority, quorum, and supermajority thresholds baked into the required bylaws.
South DakotaNot stated in one clean figure — see guideFor incorporated South Dakota associations, the Nonprofit Corporation Act supplies the floor: an annual meeting, a special meeting on demand of one-twentieth of the votes, 10-to-50-day written notice, a one-tenth quorum default, and proxy and ballot voting. The gap to know: directors can only be removed mid-term by a procedure in the articles of incorporation.
Tennessee10% meeting demand and director removalTennessee condo owners can force a special meeting with 20% of the votes and must get 10-60 days' notice with a real agenda under Tenn. Code Ann. § 66-27-408. HOA owners can demand a meeting with 10% and remove directors with or without cause under the nonprofit act.
TexasNot stated in one clean figure — see guideTexas opened up HOA governance: owners can attend board meetings, vote by secret ballot in many elections, and use the recorded rules to hold the board to proper procedure.
UtahNot stated in one clean figure — see guideUtah board meetings are open to owners with notice, executive sessions are limited to narrow topics, and owners hold a power most states never grant: 51% of voting interests can veto a board rule within 60 days under Utah Code § 57-8a-217.
VermontNot stated in one clean figure — see guideVermont sets real quorum and open-meeting rules, caps how many undirected proxies one person can wield, and lets owners recall a board member with or without cause. Here's how board power is actually checked.
VirginiaNot stated in one clean figure — see guideVirginia owners get noticed association meetings, board meetings under Va. Code § 55.1-1816, and voting and quorum rules for condos under § 55.1-1953. Here's how board power is checked.
WashingtonNot stated in one clean figure — see guideRCW 64.90.445 guarantees notice, open board meetings, and real comment time, and lets owners force a special meeting with just 20 percent of the votes.
West VirginiaNot stated in one clean figure — see guideWest Virginia requires at least one association meeting a year, a defined notice window, and specific agenda content under W. Va. Code § 36B-3-108, but stays silent on quorum and proxy rules, and legacy condos aren't automatically covered by this section at all.
WisconsinNot stated in one clean figure — see guideWisconsin condo meetings need at least 10 days' written notice, proxies die after 180 days, and declarant control ends on a statutory clock with an election within 45 days — Wis. Stat. § 703.15. There's no open-meetings rule for condo boards and no HOA meeting statute, so the documents and chapter 181 carry the rest.
WyomingNot stated in one clean figure — see guideIncorporated Wyoming associations owe their members an annual meeting with a financial report, notice 10 to 60 days ahead, and a 10 percent default quorum, and the members hold a genuine recall power: five percent can force a special meeting, with a self-help remedy if the board stalls, and directors they elected can be removed without cause (Wyo. Stat. §§ 17-19-701 to 17-19-808).

Straight answers

Common questions

How many votes does it take to recall an HOA board?

Most states that address recall by statute set the bar at a majority of the total voting interests in the association, every unit counted, not just those who show up or respond. A minority of states use a different formulation or leave more to the bylaws. Check your state's row and full guide for the exact standard.

Can owners recall a board without a formal meeting?

In many states, yes, a written petition or agreement signed by the required majority can substitute for a meeting vote, which avoids quorum problems entirely. Not every state's law addresses this the same way; the full state guide covers the mechanics that apply to you.

What stops a board from just ignoring a valid recall?

In states with a statutory recall procedure, the board typically has to certify the recall or file to challenge it within a short window once served, which is what prevents a board from simply sitting on it. Read your state's guide for the specific certification deadline and process.

Read the full guide for your state

This table is a summary. Every state links to its own complete elections & meetings guide, with citations, a step-by-step process, and an appeal path.

Browse all 51 state rights hubs

Don’t know the term?

CC&Rs, estoppel certificate, lien priority, quorum — the glossary defines the terms these guides use, in plain English.

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